A complexa relação entre democracia e legitimidade
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2022
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Objetiva analisar a relação entre democracia e legitimidade, discutindo
como o poder é exercido e justificado nos regimes democráticos e destacando os riscos de
deterioração desses regimes diante de tendências totalitárias. Para isso, utiliza-se o método
hipotético-dedutivo, com abordagem analítica e revisão bibliográfica de autores clássicos e
contemporâneos como Hannah Arendt, Karl Popper, Norberto Bobbio, Claude Lefort, Jürgen
Habermas, Jacques Rancière, Chantal Mouffe, Max Weber e Giorgio Agamben, que apresentam
contribuições diversas e complementares sobre o tema. A democracia contemporânea, derivada
de experiências históricas desde a Grécia Antiga, caracteriza-se pela soberania popular, direitos
fundamentais, pluralidade de opiniões e participação cidadã institucionalizada pelo Estado
Democrático de Direito. Contudo, está sujeita a ameaças que frequentemente se apresentam
sob aparências legítimas, justificadas por argumentos como segurança nacional ou combate
à corrupção, exigindo vigilância constante para proteger suas instituições. O artigo ressalta
a importância da legitimidade democrática baseada na capacidade de acomodar conflitos
através do diálogo público e da racionalidade discursiva, conforme defendido por Habermas,
e do reconhecimento institucional dos conflitos, como proposto por Mouffe em seu modelo
agonístico de democracia. Weber complementa ao identificar formas de dominação legítima que
não necessariamente se originam da vontade popular democrática, mas da legalidade, tradição
ou carisma. Por fim, conclui-se que a legitimidade democrática depende da inclusão ativa dos
cidadãos e do reconhecimento do pluralismo político, balanceando coação e consenso, tradição
e inovação. A manutenção do espaço simbólico do poder vazio é crucial para evitar tendências
autoritárias e totalitárias, reforçando que apenas uma cidadania emancipada e consciente poderá
preservar a democracia contra riscos de deterioração institucional.
It aims to analyze the relationship between democracy and legitimacy, discussing how power is exercised and justified in democratic regimes and highlighting the risks of deterioration faced by these regimes due to totalitarian tendencies. For this purpose, the hypothetical-deductive method is employed, with an analytical approach and bibliographic review of contributions from several theorists, each presenting different perspectives on the subject. Contemporary democracy, derived from historical experiences since Ancient Greece, is characterized by popular sovereignty, fundamental rights, plurality of opinions, and citizen participation institutionalized by the Democratic Rule of Law. However, it remains vulnerable to threats that often appear under seemingly legitimate forms. Such threats require constant vigilance to safeguard democratic institutions. This paper references thinkers such as Weber, who identifies forms of legitimate domination not necessarily derived from democratic popular will, but from legality, tradition, or charisma; Habermas, who emphasizes democratic legitimacy through discursive rationality and communicative consensus; and Mouffe, who proposes an agonistic model of democracy that institutionalizes conflict. Ultimately, the study concludes that democratic legitimacy depends on active citizen inclusion and the institutional acknowledgment of conflicts. Balancing these elements is crucial, as democratic legitimacy thrives through active citizen participation and political pluralism. Furthermore, maintaining the symbolic emptiness of the locus of power is essential to prevent authoritarian and totalitarian tendencies, reinforcing that only an emancipated and conscious citizenship can effectively preserve democracy against risks of institutional deterioration.
It aims to analyze the relationship between democracy and legitimacy, discussing how power is exercised and justified in democratic regimes and highlighting the risks of deterioration faced by these regimes due to totalitarian tendencies. For this purpose, the hypothetical-deductive method is employed, with an analytical approach and bibliographic review of contributions from several theorists, each presenting different perspectives on the subject. Contemporary democracy, derived from historical experiences since Ancient Greece, is characterized by popular sovereignty, fundamental rights, plurality of opinions, and citizen participation institutionalized by the Democratic Rule of Law. However, it remains vulnerable to threats that often appear under seemingly legitimate forms. Such threats require constant vigilance to safeguard democratic institutions. This paper references thinkers such as Weber, who identifies forms of legitimate domination not necessarily derived from democratic popular will, but from legality, tradition, or charisma; Habermas, who emphasizes democratic legitimacy through discursive rationality and communicative consensus; and Mouffe, who proposes an agonistic model of democracy that institutionalizes conflict. Ultimately, the study concludes that democratic legitimacy depends on active citizen inclusion and the institutional acknowledgment of conflicts. Balancing these elements is crucial, as democratic legitimacy thrives through active citizen participation and political pluralism. Furthermore, maintaining the symbolic emptiness of the locus of power is essential to prevent authoritarian and totalitarian tendencies, reinforcing that only an emancipated and conscious citizenship can effectively preserve democracy against risks of institutional deterioration.
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GOMES, Reginaldo Gonçalves. A complexa relação entre democracia e legitimidade. Suffragium - Revista do Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Ceará, Fortaleza, v. 13, n. 23, p. 60-74, jul./dez. 2022. ISSN: 2595-5756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53616/suffragium.v13i23.169.
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