Voto econômico ou referendum político? Os determinantes das eleições presidenciais na América Latina - 1982-1994
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1995
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A influência dos fatores econômicos sobre os resultados eleitorais na América Latina tem sido uma das
questões socialmente mais polêmicas e academicamente menos exploradas no debate geral sobre os
determinantes do voto na região. Em grandes linhas, dois argumentos contrapostos têm prevalecido para
entender os resultados de tais contendas: para um, a sorte do partido do governo está determinada por
seu desempenho econômico, o que tem sido chamado de voto econômico; para outro, as eleições
representam referenda políticos concentrados nos temas mais importantes para a cidadania e os
sentimentos de pertencimento partidário, mas sobretudo, na liderança demonstrada pela situação no fim
de sua administração, medida em termos da popularidade do presidente. Utilizando dados
macroeconômicos e de opinião pública originais na análise quantitativa de ambas hipóteses para 30
eleições realizadas entre 1982 e 1994 em 15 países da região, verifica-se um maior respaldo para a
hipótese do referendum político; na medida em que o impacto da popularidade presidencial sobre a
distribuição de votos obtida pela situação supera os efeitos de diferentes variáveis macroeconômicas.
Elections have become part of the regular political routines in Latin America; yet, the attention given by social scientists to issues of voting behavior has been wanting. This has become even more true for the specific discussion on the determinants of electoral outcomes. Two basic hypotheses have been advanced in relation to this: one, encompassed in the notion of economic voting assumes that the incoumbents economic performance is the best predictor of how electorates will collectively allocate their ballots. In contrast, there is the hypothesis of the election as a political referendum; which sees the return of votes going to the incumbent as a function of the political leadership provided by the rulling party (as measured by the presidential approval rate), as well as a function of the differences in party attachments among the population and the salience of non economic issues. Using original economic and surveys research data for 30 presidential elections celebrated in 15 Latin American nations, a quantitative aggregate analysis reveals the effect of the approval rate of the president job as the major driving force underlying the electoral outcomes. Controlled by political variables, inflation, GDP growth rates, and unemployment levels show no significant impact, thus endorsing the referendum hypothesis.
Elections have become part of the regular political routines in Latin America; yet, the attention given by social scientists to issues of voting behavior has been wanting. This has become even more true for the specific discussion on the determinants of electoral outcomes. Two basic hypotheses have been advanced in relation to this: one, encompassed in the notion of economic voting assumes that the incoumbents economic performance is the best predictor of how electorates will collectively allocate their ballots. In contrast, there is the hypothesis of the election as a political referendum; which sees the return of votes going to the incumbent as a function of the political leadership provided by the rulling party (as measured by the presidential approval rate), as well as a function of the differences in party attachments among the population and the salience of non economic issues. Using original economic and surveys research data for 30 presidential elections celebrated in 15 Latin American nations, a quantitative aggregate analysis reveals the effect of the approval rate of the president job as the major driving force underlying the electoral outcomes. Controlled by political variables, inflation, GDP growth rates, and unemployment levels show no significant impact, thus endorsing the referendum hypothesis.
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ECHEGARAY, Fabian. Voto econômico ou referendum político? Os determinantes das eleições presidenciais na América Latina - 1982-1994. Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 3, n. 2, p. 88-109, ago. 1995.
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